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Terminology and abbreviations
Citation and reference are often used to mean the same thing.
To cite is to point to evidence, authority or proof. To cite correctly you need
to collect and assemble details of your information source, and note this in your text. There
are two main methods of citing (author-date and numeric, sometimes known as footnote
/ endnote ) although there are many individual variations, or styles.
There are many accepted styles to present your references. Each style is a system with consistent
rules about how to display a citation (including punctuation, font, capitalization and so on)
within your text, footnotes, and the reference list (or bibliography). Some common
styles are provided here, but you may need to consult other sources.
| Abbreviation |
Meaning |
Use |
| anon |
anonymous |
Used in some styles when the author is unknown |
| c., ca. |
circa |
Used for approximate dates e.g. ca. 1978 |
| ch., chs. |
chapter, chapters |
|
| conf. |
conference |
|
| e.g., eg |
for example |
|
| ed., eds. |
editor, editors |
|
| et al. |
and others (et alii) |
Used when there are more than three authors - use the first author only eg Testudo
et al instead of Testudo, McPherson, Ripkin & Londo |
| ibid. |
in the same work, cited just above (ibidem) |
Used when the citation comes from the same source as the one immediately before it. The
page number can be different. e.g. ibid., p.56 |
| loc. cit. |
in the place (or work) cited (loco citato) |
|
| n.d. |
no date |
Used when the date is unknown |
| op. cit. |
in the work cited (opere citato) |
Used when the citation comes from the same source as one cited previously. The author's
name should be attached to indicate the source e.g. Menzies, op. cit., p.99 |
| p., pp. |
page, pages |
|
| proc. |
proceedings |
|
| rev. |
revised |
Used when a book has a revised edition, rather than a new number e.g. rev. ed. |
| suppl. |
supplement |
|
| trans. |
translated by |
Used to acknowledge a particular translator of an item published in another language |
| v.,vol.,vols. |
volume, volumes |
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