Citing example:

Kizza (2002) examines the motives for cybercrime and its cost.

Cyber attacks may be categorized according to motive (Kizza 2002).

Reference list:
Kizza, JM 2002, Computer network security and cyberethics, McFarland, Jefferson, N.C.

Citing example:

Fenna (2004) looks at the three phases of the policy making process.

Reference list
Fenna, A 2004, Australian public policy, 2nd edn, Pearson Education Australia, Frenchs Forest, NSW.

Citing example:

Coates and Holroyd (2003) look at national patterns of internet use.

Japan has developed a technology well suited to local conditions (Coates & Holroyd 2003).

Note: & is used to link the authors'names within the brackets, but not when they appear as part of the sentence.

Reference list:
Coates, K & Holroyd c 2003, Japan and the internet revolution, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.

Citing example:

The Pepsi example illustrates the importance of economic relationships in formulating strategy (Besanko et al. 2003).

Note: et al. (and others) may be used in place of additional authors names in the text of your essay, but all the names must be written in the reference list citation.

Reference list:
Besanko, D,  Dranove, D, Shanley, M & Schaefer, S 2003, Economics of strategy, 3rd edn, J.Wiley, New York.

Citing example:

The volume edited by Watts (2003) includes chapters examining the general impact of computer technologies, and their particular application to education.

Reference list
Watts, MM (ed.) 2003, Technology: taking the distance out of learning, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.

Denzin, NK & Lincoln, YS (eds) 2003, The landscape of qualitative research: theories and issues, 2nd edn, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.

Citing example:

Volume 4 of this work (Pfeiffer, 1991, pp.71-73) includes an overview of the Hawthorne Studies.

Reference list
Pfeiffer, JW (ed.) 1991, Theories and models in applied behavioural science, vol. 4, Organizational, Pfeiffer, San Diego.

Citing example:

Notes, references and bibliographies are dealt with in Chapter nine (Style manual for authors, editors and printers 1996).

Note: the title is used in both the reference list and citation.

Reference list:
Style manual for authors, editors and printers 1996, 5th edn, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Citing example:

Short bibliographies of the artists are also provided (National Gallery of Australia 1997).

Reference list:
National Gallery of Australia 1997, The eye of the storm: eight contemporary indigenous artists, 2nd edn, National Gallery of Australia, Canberra.

Citing example:

Allen (cited in Wyn & White p.8) argues that it is "change in society which explains relations between different ages".

Reference list:

• Provide details of the author who has done the citing:

Wyn, J & White, R 1997, Rethinking youth, Allen & Unwin, St Leonards, NSW.

• You may also provide details of the cited work if it might be of interest to readers:

Allen, S 1968, 'Some theoretical problems in the study of youth', Sociological Review, vol. 16, no.3, pp. 319-331.

Citing example:

Other studies of globalization focus on its cultural and human implications (Bauman 1998; Tomlinson 1999).

Note:

• It is recommended that the authors' names be ordered alphabetically inside the brackets.
• Use a semicolon to separate the works cited inside the brackets.

Reference list:
Bauman, Z 1999, Globalization and culture, Polity Press, Oxford.

Tomlinson, J 1999, Globalization: the human consequences, Routledge, London.

Citing example:

The case for a relational concept of youth is argued by Wyn and White (1997) in their chapter 'The concept of youth'.

Reference list:
Wyn, J & White, R 1997, 'The concept of youth', in Rethinking youth, Allen and Unwin, Sydney

Citing example: In text:

Maid (2003) critically assesses the role of computer technologies in distance learning.

Reference list:
Maid, BM 2003, 'No magic answer', in M Watts (ed.), Technology: taking the distance out of learning, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.

Note: the initials of the editor precede her surname, as this name is not crucial to the order of the item in the reference list.

Citing example: In text:

Parikh and Verma (2002) provide one analysis of the use of the Internet in supporting learning.

Note: the & is not used when the authors' names appear as part of the sentence.

Reference list:
Parikh, M & Verma, S 2002, 'Utilizing Internet technologies to support learning: an empirical analysis', International Journal of Information Management, vol. 22, no.1, pp. 27-46.

Citing example: In text:

'The processes by which Australia's water resources are allocated have undergone fundamental changes over the last two decades' (Bennett, 2003, p.237).

Reference list:
Bennett, J 2003, 'Environmental values and water policy', Australian Geographical Studies, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 237-250, viewed 8 Nov 2004, http://www.catchword.com/

Note:Provide the URL of the main entrance to the database service.

Citing example: In text:

"Philosophy for Children is based on the idea that children can explore value and make meaning ... in a community" (Sprod, 1999, p.14).

Reference list:
Sprod, T 1999, 'Philosophy, young people and well-being', Youth Studies Australia, vol.18, no. 2, pp. 12-16, viewed 28 October 2004, <http://www.acys.utas.edu.au/ysa/articles/index.html>.

Citing example: In text:

The table provided by Keneley (2004) illustrates the structure of business in Western District towns in 1890.

Reference list:
Keneley, M 2004, 'The dying town syndrome: a survey of urban development in the Western District of Victoria 1830 - 1930', Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History, viewed 10 December 2004, <http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/articles/keneley3.htm>.

Citing example: In text:

In her conclusion, Valentine (2004) stresses the importance of challenging policies which limit access to higher education.

Reference list:
Valentine, D 2004, 'Access to higher education: a challenge to social work educators', Journal of Social Work Education, vol. 4, no. 2, viewed 12 December, 2004, < http://www.cswe.org/>.

Citing example: In text:

Cauchi (2004) reports on the Global Amphibian Assessment study.

Reference list:
Cauchi, S 2004, 'World's green markers on the brink', The Age, 16 October, p. 10.

Citing example: In text:

The Age (16 October 2004, p.10) reports on the Global Amphibian Assessment study.

Reference list

If the newspaper article does not have an author, do not provide details in the Reference list. Give a citation only

Citing example: In text:

Gee (2004) looks at the significance of a recent archaeological excavation on the Indonesian island of Flores.

Reference list
Gee, H 2004, 'A breed apart', The Age, 29 October, first edition, A3, viewed 10 December, 2004, http://global.factiva.com

Note: Provide the URL of the main entrance to the database service.

Citing example: In text:

Common (2001) addresses the key theme of the conference.

Reference list
Common, M 2001, 'The role of economics in natural heritage decision making', in Heritage economics: challenges for heritage conservation and sustainable development in the 21st century: proceedings of the International Society for Ecological Economics conference, Canberra, 4 July 2000, Australian Heritage Commission, Canberra.

Citing example: In text:

Byas (2003) concludes that there is little evidence that child-focussed guidelines have had an appreciable effect within the court or beyond it.

Reference list
Byas, A 2003, 'Family law: old shadows and new directions', paper presented to the eighth Australian Institute of Family Studies Conference, Melbourne, 12-14 February.

Citing example: In text:

"Amongst 12-24 year-olds, 17 and 18 year-olds had the longest periods of support and accommodation" (AIHW, 2003, xv).

Note:

If you choose to use an abbreviation or acronym of the agency name, you will need a see reference in your reference list.

Reference list
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2003, Young homeless people in Australia 2001 - 02, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Canberra.

See reference

AIHW - see Australian Institute of Health and Welfare

Main entry under full name as above.

Citing example: In text:

The authors concluded from research that "the meaning of scientific literacy was not well understood" (DETYA, c2001, p.170).

Notes: Your citation refers only to the agency as author.If you choose to use an acronym of the agency name, you will need a see reference in your reference list.

Reference list
Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs c2001, The status and quality of teaching and learning of science in Australian schools, research report prepared by D Goodrum, M Hackling & L Rennie, Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs, Canberra.

Note: The name of the Commonwealth department responsible for education has changed since 2001, but the citation details should be those on the title page of the source document.

Citing example: In text:

Table 1 illustrates the birthplace of the Australian population for selected censuses from 1901 to 1996 (DIMA, 2001, p.18).

Notes: Your citation refers only to the main agency as author. If you choose to use an acronym of the agency name, you will need a see reference in your reference list.

Reference list
Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs 2001, Immigration: Federation to century's end 1901-2000, Statistics Section, Business Branch, Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Canberra.

Note: Details of the branch or division appear before the publication details.

Citing example: In text:

The guide list examples of successful initiatives taken to tailor services to the needs of particular cultural or linguistic groups (DHS, 2004, p.8).

Notes: Your citation refers only to the main agency as author. If you choose to use an acronym of the agency name, you will need a see reference in your reference list.

Reference list
Department of Human Services 2004, Cultural diversity guide: planning and delivering culturally appropriate human services, Policy and Strategic Projects Division, Melbourne, Victoria.

Note: There is usually no there is no specific indication that an agency is a state of territory one. The place of publication usually makes this clear. If any confusion is likely, the location of the department can included as part of the publication details.

Citing example: In text:

The report by Condon (DHA, 2004) was made on behalf of the Office for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health.

Notes: Your citation refers only to the main agency as author. If you choose to use an acronym of the agency name, you will need a see reference in your reference list.

Reference list
Condon, JR 2004, Cancer, health services and indigenous Australians, report to the Office for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health, Department of Health and Aging, Canberra.

Citing example: In text:

Not all the major recommendations of the Burdekin report (1989) have been implemented by Commonwealth and State governments

Reference list

Include a see reference in your reference list, in addition to the main entry.

Burdekin report - see - Human rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (1989).

Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 1989, Our homeless children: report of the national inquiry into homeless children, (Brian Burdekin, chairman), AGPS, Canberra.

Citing example: In text:

The Federal Government released its formal response to Bringing them home (1997) on 16 December, 1997.

Reference list

Include a see reference in your reference list, in addition to the main entry.

Bringing them home - see National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their Families.

National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their Families 1997, Bringing them home. (Sir Ronald Wilson, president), Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, Sydney.

Citing example: In text:

The table included in Australian social trends 2004, (ABS, 2004, p.192) gives an overview of the current composition of Australia's population.

Note: If you use the acronym ABS, include a see reference in your reference list.

Reference list
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2004, Australian social trends 2004, Cat. no. 4102.0, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, viewed 10th December, 2004, AusStats, <http://www.abs.gov.au>.

Note: The AusStats database offers access to ABS publications which are not freely available on the web, so the database name is given rather than just the URL.

See reference

ABS - see Australian Bureau of Statistics.

Citing example:

The Macquarie dictionary (1997) defines it as ... ...

(The Cambridge encyclopaedia of the English language 1995)

Citing example: In text:

According to Townsend (1982, p. 160), Stein's innovations in style make strict classification of her work difficult.

Reference list
Townsend, J 1982, 'Gertrude Stein', in L. Mainiero (ed.), American women writers: a critical reference guide from colonial times to the present, vol. 4, pp.153-161, Ungar, New York.

Citing example: In text:

Byrne (1996) examines the concept of self-talk in relation to test anxiety.

Reference list
Byrne, M 1996, Self-talk and test anxiety, PhD thesis, Monash University, Melbourne.

Citing example: In text:

Kurz (2003) conducted two field experiments aimed at applying a social-ecological framework to the promotion of water and energy consumption.

Reference list
Kurtz, T 2003, A psychology of environmentally sustainable behavior, PhD thesis, Murdoch University, Perth, viewed 11 October 2004, <http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040428.152013>

Citing example: In text:

Details of drug recalls and alerts can be viewed at the Therapeutic Goods Administration website at <http://www.tga.gov.au/recalls/index.htm>.

Reference list
Therapeutic Goods Administration 2004, Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra, viewed 13 October, 2004, <http://www.tga.gov.au/recalls/index.htm>.

Citing example: In text:

Chapter 5 of the report (DEST 2003) outlines developments in the internationalisation of Australian higher education.

Note: If you use the department acronym DEST in your text, your reference list should provide a see reference:

Reference list
Department of Education, Science and Training 2003, The national report on higher education in Australia (2001), Department of Education, Science and Training, Canberra, viewed 13 October, 2004, <http://www.dest.gov.au/highered/otherpub/national_report/default.htm>.

See reference

DEST - see Department of Education, Science and Training.