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Business Systems guide to citations / bibliography / references

provided by the Faculty of Information Technology, School of Business Systems

The Harvard system

The Harvard system has gained in popularity in recent years because of its simplicity and ease of use. As with other methods of referencing, it is used to acknowledge direct and indirect quotations, to provide readers with additional references in relation to a particular point, or to validate an argument made by the author. This form of referencing involves placing an abbreviated reference in the text as follows:

the author's surname (author's initials are not included) year of publication and relevant page number(s) which are enclosed in brackets.

Each of the following examples of format is acceptable:

Example:

Clanchy and Ballard (1989, p. I) state that 'As you will soon find out for yourself, essay writing is hard work and it doesn't get very much easier as you advance in your studies'.

Essay writing may be considered as a task involving very little time and effort however, '... essay writing is hard work and it doesn't get very much easier as you advance in your studies' (Clanchy and Ballard, 1989, p. 1).

Essay writing may be considered as a task involving very little time and effort. However, Clanchy and Ballard (1989, p. 1) state that '... essay writing is hard work...'

References and bibliography

The references list comprises all the sources that have been specifically referred to (that is, cited) in the text.

The bibliography follows the same rules and contains all the above plus all the relevant works that have been consulted.

Journal, magazine, newsletter titles

The convention is to capitalize all words except for articles, prepositions and conjunctions which are embedded in the title. Titles are given in italics

Newspaper articles

If a newspaper article has an obvious author, the procedure described for journals should be followed, volume and series information being replaced by the day and month. If the article has no obvious author, full details should be provided in the body of the assignment. Such a citation should also be included in the list of references.

Book titles

The first word of titles and subtitles is capitalized, as are proper nouns. All other words begin with lower case. Titles are given in italics

Volume number and page/s

In the case of journals, the volume and page details are given in the following manner: Volume 55 p 15 or 55, 15

If the paging is not sequential from the first issue to the last, then the issue would be given as well: Volume 55(4) p 12 or 55(4), 12

The volume is always given in bold. For magazines, volumes are not given: paging is given, preceded by a "p." for a single page (p.5), or "pp." for multiple pages (pp. 5-17)

Place of publication and publisher

For books, place of publication and publisher are given, separated by a colon.

Personal communication

These may be letters, memos, telephone conversations, interviews and other forms of communications that are not retrievable data. They are cited in the body of the essay and should appear in the bibliography but not in the References list. Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator and provide as exact information as possible, including job title and organisation. Material used by lecturers is often accessed from subject texts or weekly specified reading. These should be referenced in preference to the lecture notes.

Electronic media

When citing from electronic media, follow the general rules for citations.

Citations

Single author book

Example:

Adelman (1994) states that ....

Direct quotation:
"....." (Adelman 1994)

With page reference

(to be used when the source has more than 20 pages):

Example:

Adelman (1994, p. 54) notes that ...

Multiple works in one year by the same author

Example:

According to Mitchell (1991b), ...

Multiple author book

Example:

Cover and Thomas (1991) state that ...
(Cover and Thomas 1991)

4 or more authors

First citation:

Example:

Berry, Faulkner, Hughes and Jarvis (1993) note that ... ... [note subject verb agreement]
or
(Berry, Faulkner, Hughes and Jarvis 1993, p. 45)

Thereafter:

Example:

Berry et al. (1993) state that ......
or
(Berry et al. 1993, p.45)

Several sources

Example:

Most authorities agree that ... (Adelman 1994; Berry, Faulkner, Hughes and Jarvis 1993; Cover and Thomas 1991).
or
Adelman (1994), Berry et al. (1993) and Cover and Thomas (1991) agree that...

Note: Alphabetical order of authors' surnames was used; chronological order is also possible.

Book section

Example:

Varela (1984) has proved that ...
(Varela 1984)

Note: Bibliography lists Varela.

Citing a work taken within another author's work

Example:

Clark (1987)[see also Huckin and Olsen (1991)] notes that ....
or
Clark (in Huckin and Olsen 1991) notes that

Note: Bibliography lists Huckin and Olsen.

Interview

Example:

Redpath R (1993) [Personal Communication] Melbourne: Monash University

Electronic media

The rules for listing and citing electronic media are still being defined. The following comments should serve as a guide:

When citing electronic media, follow the general rules of citation, as above.

In the reference list, give a 'type of medium' statement after the title of the publication (and edition number, where applicable), and put this information in square brackets. for example: [Online], [CD ROM], [Disk].

Add an availability statement to replace the information on place of publication (see example).

Take care with punctuation, particularly when giving an online address. Care must be taken to duplicate the address exactly, so as to enable the reader to access the material independently.

Example:

Carroll L (1991) Alice's adventures in Wonderland (The Millenium Fulcrum edition 2.7a) [Online]
Available FTP: quake.think.com Directory: pub/text/1991 File: alicewonderland.txt

For further information about particular cases, a good text should be consulted. We recommend:

(a) Li Xia and Crane N B (1996) Electronic styles : a handbook for citing electronic information (2nd edn) Medford, N.J.: Information Today (available at the library).

(b) For electronic reference formats recommended by the American Psychological Association (Jan..2001), go to http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html.

References / bibliography: examples of entries

Single author book

Example:

Adelman L (1994) Evaluating decision support and expert systems New York: John Wiley

Turban E (1995) Decision support and expert systems: Management support systems (3rd edn) New York: Macmillan

Multiple author book

Example:

Berry M Faulkner S Hughes M and Jarvis R (1993) Bank lending: Beyond the theory London: Chapman & Hall

Cover T M and Thomas J A (1991) Elements of information theory New York: John Wiley

Multiple works by same author

List these chronologically in the bibliography.

Example:

Ellsworth J and Ellsworth M (1995) Marketing on the Internet New York: John Wiley

Ellsworth J and Ellsworth M (1996) The new Internet business book New York: John Wiley

Multiple works in one year by the same author

List chronologically (if known) and then alphabetically. Add letters a, b, c, etc. to the year of publication.

Example:

Mitchell J (1991a) "DOS as an audit tool" ComputerAudit Update 14 (6) 2-1 I

Mitchell J (1991 b) "DOS as an audit tool" Computer Audit Update 14 (7) 39

Edited book

Example:

Bourke P and Shanmugan B (eds) (1990} An introduction to bank lending Sydney: Addison Wesley

Book section

Example:

Varela F (1984) "Two principles of self organization" in Ulrich H and Probst G J B (Eds.) Self organisation and management of social systems 25, 32. Berlin: Springer Verlag

Journal article

Example:

Ahmed N U Tune E A and Montagno R V (1991) "A comparative study of US manufacturing firms at various stages of Just-in-Time implementation" International Journal of Production Research 29 (4) 77-98

Dodin B (1996) "Determining the optimal sequences and the distributional properties of their completion times in stochastic flow shops" Computers and Operations Research 23 (9) 829-843

Golhar D Y and Stamm C L (1991) "The Just-in-Time philosophy: a literature review" International Journal of Research 29 (4) 657-676

Association or institution as author

Example:

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (1984) Classifications manual for government finance statistics Australia Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service

Australian Society of Certified Practising Accountants & The Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia (1993) Auditing handbook 1994 Sydney: Prentice Hall

No author

Title takes the place of author.

Example:

PAS and the credit manager - A logical partnership London: Performance Analysis Services Ltd

Style manual for authors, editors and printers (4th edn) (1988) Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service

Corporate author

Example:

Pioneer Software Corp (1992) Q+E Database editor user's guide Release 5 Raleigh NC: Pioneer Software

Ansett Transport Industries Ltd (1984) Annual report 1983/84 Melbourne: ATI

Qantas Airways Ltd (1995) Annual report 1994/95 Mascot, NSW: Qantas

Conference paper : published

Example:

Agre P E and Chapman D (1987) "Pengi: an implementation of a theory of activity" 268-272 Proceedings of AAA 187. The Sixth National Conference on Artifcial Intelligence, Menlo Park. Los Altos, CA: Morgan Kaufman

Boissonnat JD (1992) "Some new directions in robot motion planning" in van Leeuwin (ed) Algorithms, software, architecture: Information processing '92 (Vol 1) Proceedings of the IFIP 12th World Computer Congress, Madrid. Amsterdam: North Holland

IvanoffG and Clarke J (1996) "The use of the World Wide Web for teaching - things to consider before putting material online".in R Pose (ed) Teaching communication skills in a technological era (Vol 1) Department of Computer Science, Monash University, Clayton. Melbourne: Proceedings of the Australian Communication Conference

Conference paper : unpublished

Example:

Blandy R (1993) "The state of the Australian academic labour market" Conference on Higher Education and Immigration Issues. Adelaide: National Institute of Labour Studies

Thesis

Example:

Swatman P (1993) Integrating electronic data interchange into existing organisational structure and internal application systems. Unpublished PhD thesis. Perth: Curtin University of Technology

Software

Example:

Microsoft Corporation (1994) Microsoft® Powerpoint Version 4.0 Seattle WA: Microsoft Corporation

Sample bibliography

Example:

Adelman L (1994) Evaluating decisions support and expert systems New York: John Wiley

Ahmed N U Tunc E A and Montagno R V (1991) "A comparative study of US manufacturing firms at various stages of Just-in-Time implementation" International Journal of Production Research 29 (4) pp.787-802

Australian Bureau of Statistics (1984) Classifications manual for government finance statistics Australia Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service

Berry M Faulkner S Hughes M and Jarvis R (1993) Bank lending: Beyond the theory London: Chapman & Hall

Brandis G (1987) "The Liberals: Just who is forgetting whom?" The Weekend Australian 24-25 Jan p.19

Bourke P and Shanmugan B (Eds.) (1990) An introduction to bank lending Sydney: Addison Wesley

Carroll L (1991) Alice's adventures in Wonderland (The Millenium Fulcrum edition 2.7a) [Online]
Available FTP: quake.think.com directory: pub/txt/1991 File: alicewonderland.txt

Cover T M and Thomas J A (1991) Elements of information theory New York: John Wiley

Ellsworth J and Ellsworth M (1995) Marketing in the Internet New York: John Wiley

Ellsworth J and Ellsworth M (1996) The new Internet business book New York: John Wiley

Ivanoff G and Clark J (1996) "The use of the World Wide Web for teaching - Things to consider before putting material online" in Pose R (Ed.) Teaching communication skills in a technological era (Vol 1) Proceedings of the Australian communication conference Clayton, Melbourne: Department of Computer Science

Koenig W (Producer) & O'Donoghue A (Director) (1986) The old person's friend [Video] The National Film Board of Canada: Canada

Maas J B (Producer) & Gluck D H (Director) (1979) Deeper into hypnosis (Film) Prentice Hall: New Jersey

Microsoft Corporation (1994) Microsoft © Power Point Version 4.0 Seattle: Microsoft Corporation

Mitchell J (1991 a) DOS as an audit tool Computer Audit update 14 (6) pp.2-11

Mitchell J (1991 b) Microsoft audit tools Computer Audit update 14 (7) pp.3-9

QANTAS Airways Ltd. (1995) Annual Report 19941995 Mascot: Qantas

Redpath R (1993) [Personal Communication] Melbourne: Monash University

Yura H and Walsh M B (1983) The nursing process: assessing planning implementing evaluation (4 th edn.) Connecticut: Appleton Century Crofts/Norwalk

 

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